Real-World Data on Nonmedical Use of Tramadol from Patients Evaluated for Substance Abuse Treatment in the NAVIPPRO Addiction Severity Index—Multimedia Version (ASI-MV®) Network

Abstract

Introduction: Drug safety studies regarding comparative risk of different opioid compounds are important as providers and regulatory agencies in the United States continue to balance pain management with an ongoing opioid epidemic. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate nonmedical use (NMU) and diversion of tramadol and comparator opioids using real-world data from the Addiction Severity Index—Multimedia Version (ASI-MV®). Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used to evaluate past 30-day tramadol and comparator opioid NMU among adults assessed for substance abuse treatment using the ASI-MV from 2010 to 2018. Population and drug utilization-adjusted rates were studied, as well as patient characteristics, route of administration, and diversion. Results: Past 30-day NMU of one or more prescription opioid was reported in 125,048 (22.6%) of ASI-MV assessments (2010–2018); 46.5% reported oxycodone, 43.2% hydrocodone, 8.1% morphine, and 7.2% tramadol. Male respondents ranged from 43.2% in the tramadol group to 51.8% in the oxycodone group. Majority (~ 76%) were Caucasian in all groups, with 86.9% Caucasian in the morphine group. Prevalence of past 30-day tramadol NMU was significantly lower than that of morphine, oxycodone, and hydrocodone for both population and utilization-adjusted rates. Rate of snorting of tramadol was 4–7 times lower than comparator opioids and injection was 14–34 times lower than morphine and oxycodone. Tramadol was most likely to be obtained via the patient’s own prescription while the comparator opioids were more often obtained via dealers or family/friends. Conclusion: Tramadol had a significantly lower rate of NMU than comparator opioids and was less likely to be diverted or used via higher-risk non-oral routes. These findings support previous evaluations by WHO and the United States Drug Enforcement Agency that concluded that tramadol has a low potential for abuse.