Similar Myocardial Perfusion and Vascular Stiffness in Children and Adolescents with High Lipoprotein (a) Levels, in Comparison with Healthy Controls

Abstract

Background and Aims: This study investigated the possible correlation between elevated lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) levels and early vascular aging biomarkers in healthy children and adolescents. Methods: Twenty-seven healthy children/adolescents, mean age 9.9 ± 3.7 years, with high Lp(a) levels without other lipid abnormalities and 27 age- and sex-matched controls with normal Lp(a) levels, were included in the study. The investigation of possible early vascular aging was assessed by measuring vascular function indices: carotid intima-media thickness (c-IMT), pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AIx), and subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR). Results: Although serum lipid values were within normal levels, mean values of total cholesterol and apolipoprotein B were higher in the group of children with high Lp(a) levels than controls ( p = 0.006 and p < 0.001, respectively). Vascular function indices did not show significant differences, neither between the 2 groups nor in the subgroups of children with increased Lp(a) levels. These subgroups were defined by the presence or absence of family history of premature coronary artery disease. Lp(a) levels did not show a significant correlation with the other parameters studied, both regarding the whole sample (patients and controls), as well as in the subgroups of elevated Lp(a) levels. However, in the group of children with high Lp(a) levels, c-IMT and PWV were positively correlated with diastolic blood pressure ( r = 0.427, p = 0.026 and r = 0.425, p = 0.030, respectively), while SEVR was negatively correlated with AIx ( r = −0.455, p = 0.017). Conclusions: Healthy children and adolescents with high Lp(a) levels do not yet have impaired vascular indices, compared to controls. However, in order to prevent early atherosclerosis, it is crucial to early identify and follow up children with high Lp(a) levels and positive family history of premature coronary disease or other cardiovascular risk factors.