Pregnancy and Multiple Sclerosis (MS): A Beneficial Association. Possible therapeutic application of embryo-specific Pre-implantation Factor (PIF*)

Abstract

A typical autoimmune neuro-inflammatory disease (NID), multiple sclerosis (MS), is more prevalent in women than in men. Majority of patients with MS are of child-bearing age; therefore, occurrence in pregnancy is common. Herein, we review proposed disease mechanisms and suggest therapeutic interventions, focusing on the remarkable pregnancy-induced protection against MS - insofar considered as best, albeit temporary therapy for such harsh NID. Current drugs used for MS therapy in pregnancy are described. Role of non-pregnancy-specific agents considered involved in amelioration of disease is also presented. This review highlights pregnancy-derived neuro-protective agents, proposing that unique pregnancy-induced immune-protective environment is because of the conceptus and its direct action. The essential role of pre-implantation factor (PIF) in pregnancy is delineated. Finally, PIF immune-modulatory effects and efficacy in chronic model of neuro-inflammation to reduce inflammation and paralysis coupled with neural regeneration is presented. Overall, we postulate that this embryo-derived-compound holds great promise to improve MS and possibly neuro-inflammation in general. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.