3D Digital Conservation of the Changsha Kiln Site and Its Ancient Ceramics

Abstract

The Changsha Kiln, also known as Tongguan Kiln, was one of the largest and most innovative ceramic production centers of Tang-dynasty China, serving both domestic and international markets. Its pioneering use of underglaze decoration, diverse vessel forms, appliqués, and poetic inscriptions not only showcases advanced craftsmanship, but also provides valuable material evidence of maritime Silk Road trade and cultural exchanges between Tang China and foreign societies. To support digital conservation and interpretation, this paper presents a comprehensive 3D documentation framework for both the kiln site and its ceramic products. For the kiln remains, we adopt an aerial–ground collaborative strategy to overcome occlusion and structural complexity, enabling high-fidelity reconstruction of kiln beds and saggars. For standard ceramics, we integrate photogrammetry with laser scanning to capture precise geometry and high-quality textures. Special challenges arise with a celadon-glazed bowl from the Belitung shipwreck, which is heavily encrusted with coral and exhibits severe self-occlusion and branching morphology. We address this with 3D Gaussian Splatting reconstruction guided by multi-view geometry priors, producing a complete model that preserves fine surface detail. The resulting digital assets form permanent archives, enable virtual restoration and condition monitoring, and support immersive VR/AR experiences that advance scholarship, heritage conservation, and the global dissemination of Tang cultural heritage.