Insights into climate change effect on biochemical oxygen demand in Asian rivers: a comprehensive review and bibliometric analysis

Abstract

This review examines the impact of climate on Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels across Asian river basins and its implications for water quality and ecosystem health. Utilizing bibliometric analysis and a synthesis of climate-driven factors, we explore trends in BOD associated with rising temperatures, precipitation patterns, and hydrological shifts. The analysis integrates several representative rivers to key climatic drivers using observed data from 2019 to 2023 and incorporates climate projections from the literature to estimate near-term (2030), mid-term (2050), and long-term (2080–2100) scenarios. Key findings highlight that increased temperatures accelerate microbial activity and reduce oxygen solubility, while diminished precipitation exacerbates pollutant concentrations, particularly in transboundary rivers such as the Mekong, Amu Darya, and Ganges. Adaptive strategies, including continuous water quality monitoring utilizing sensors and satellite-based data, wastewater treatment, sustainable agricultural practices, and enhanced water governance, are recommended to mitigate BOD levels, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 6. Regional case studies demonstrate the necessity of international cooperation and innovative policies to address climate-driven challenges. This comprehensive review underscores the critical need for proactive interventions to enhance water quality resilience, safeguard aquatic ecosystems, and ensure sustainable water resource management in the face of escalating climate impacts.