The state of the art of topologies for electric springs

Abstract

This paper aims to review the state of the art in topologies for electric springs (ESs) and their suitability for different applications in distributed power systems with sufficient power generation from renewable energy sources, especially at domestic households. Owing to the fact that there exist many kind of ESs, a comprehensive overview of single-phase ESs sequenced as ES-1, ES-2, ES-3 and other forms, three-phase ESs (TPESs) sequenced as TPES-1, TPES-2 etc., and direct current ES (DCES) sequenced as DCES-1, DCES-2, PVES is conducted. The originalities, advantages and disadvantages of each ES topology version are analyzed to propose its most suitable application. Besides, comparisons between ESs and traditional flexible alternating current transmission (FACTS) devices are addressed. Finally, conclusions and possible future research trends are pointed out.