Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-ΔΔCT method

Abstract

The two most commonly used methods to analyze data from real-time, quantitative PCR experiments are absolute quantification and relative quantification. Absolute quantification determines the input copy number, usually by relating the PCR signal to a standard curve. Relative quantification relates the PCR signal of the target transcript in a treatment group to that of another sample such as an untreated control. The 2-ΔΔCT method is a convenient way to analyze the relative changes in gene expression from real-time quantitative PCR experiments. The purpose of this report is to present the derivation, assumptions, and applications of the 2-ΔΔCT method. In addition, we present the derivation and applications of two variations of the 2-ΔΔCT method that may be useful in the analysis of real-time, quantitative PCR data. © 2001 Elsevier Science (USA).