Semantic Memory Association, Procedural Grammar Syntax and Episodic Modality Coordination as Three Interactive Neural Processes Organizing Language: A Model

Abstract

In the declarative/procedural model of language, it assumes the semantic words as declarative memories while the grammatical syntax as procedural rules, whereas it is herein suggested that different words associate with different cortical modalities, so that it is necessary to consider the modality coordination of words episodic in meanings in sentences. In evidence, stuttering is intact on grammar but impaired on fluency, so that the dopaminergic system, with antagonists alleviat-ing and genes phenotyping stuttering, may involve linguistic modality disorganization. Reversely, the gamma band correlates with word congruency, so that the cholinergic projections may help cortical modality coordination. There are present discourse deficits, so that story narration also requires cortical modality coordination. In these respects, semantic memory association, proce-dural grammar syntax and episodic modality coordination interact to organize language from word to sentence to story, so that it herein extends the present declarative/procedural model un-derlying two kinds of neural processes to semantic/syntactic/episodic model of three kinds of neural processes for depiction and simulation of language.