Exploration of Cognitive Outcomes and Risk Factors for Cognitive Decline Shared by Couples

Abstract

IMPORTANCE Although couples could share many risk factors of cognitive disorders in their lifetime, whether shared risk factors mediate the shared risk of cognitive disorders has rarely been investigated. OBJECTIVE To identify the risk factors of cognitive decline shared within couples and investigate their mediating roles in the shared risk of cognitive disorders and cognitive functions within couples. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A prospective cohort study was launched in November 1, 2010, and 784 participants were followed up every 2 years until December 31, 2020. This nationwide, multicenter, community-based study included older couples from the Korean Longitudinal Study on Cognitive Aging and Dementia (KLOSCAD) and a cohort of their spouses (KLOSCAD-S). EXPOSURES The cognitive disorder of a spouse was defined as mild cognitive impairment or dementia. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The mediating roles of factors shared within couples on the association between one spouse’s cognitive disorder and the other’s risk of cognitive disorders was examined with structural equation modeling. RESULTS Included were 784 KLOSCAD participants (307 women [39.2%] and 477 men [60.8%]; mean [SD] age, 74.8 [4.8] years) and their spouses (477 women [60.8%] and 307 men [39.2%]; mean [SD] age, 73.6 [6.2] years). The cognitive disorder of the KLOSCAD participants was associated with almost double the risk of cognitive disorder of their spouses in the KLOSCAD-S cohort (odds ratio, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.12-2.69; P = .01). History of head injury (β = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.09-0.90; P = .02) and age (β = 2.57; 95% CI, 1.37-3.76; P < .001) mediated the association between cognitive disorder in the KLOSCAD participants and their spouses’ risk of cognitive disorder. Physical inactivity mediated the association through major depressive disorder (β = 0.33, 95% CI, 0.09-0.57, P = .006 for physical inactivity; β = 0.28, 95% CI, 0.13-0.44, P < .001 for major depressive disorder). These factors similarly mediated the association between spousal cognitive disorder and cognitive functions such as memory and executive function. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that the risk factors shared within couples may mediate approximately three-quarters of the spousal risk of cognitive disorders. Identification of and intervention in the shared risk factors of dementia within couples may reduce the risk of cognitive disorders in the spouses of people with dementia.