Review on Antibiotic Resistance: Resistance Mechanisms, Methods of Detection and Its Controlling Strategies

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance (AR) is among the leading global health concerns to date. The misuse of antibiotics in the medical, veterinary and agricultural sectors, which include the inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics, their overuse in the livestock sector, and insufficient hygiene practices in hospital, all contribute to the rise of AMR. There are many mechanisms that bacteria exhibit to protect themselves from antibiotics and understanding the mechanisms by which bacteria resist antibiotics will become critical to solving the crisis. Laboratory based antibiotic resistance detection methods can determine resistance or susceptibility of an isolate against any therapeutic candidates. Appropriate use of antibiotics, vaccination, education, research, development of novel antibiotics, policy, regulations, surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic use have a great role in minimization of antibiotic resistance.