Titanium dioxide/graphene and titanium dioxide/graphene oxide nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic applications for water decontamination

Abstract

The use of titanium dioxide, TiO2 as a photocatalyst in water decontamination has witnessed continuous interest due to its efficiency, stability, low toxicity and cost-effectiveness. TiO2 use is limited by its large band gap energy leading to light absorbance in the UV region of the spectrum, and by the relatively fast rate of recombination of photogenerated electrons and positive holes. Both limitations can be mitigated by using carbon-TiO2 nanocomposites, such as those based on graphene (G) and graphene oxide (GO). Relative to bare TiO2, these nanocomposites have improved photocatalytic activity and stability under the UV–visible light, constituting a promising way forward for improved TiO2 photocatalytic performance. This review focuses on the recent developments in the chemistry of TiO2 /G and TiO2 /GO nanocomposites. It addresses the mechanistic fundamentals, briefly, of TiO2 and TiO2 /G and TiO2 /GO photocatalysts, the various synthesis strategies for preparing TiO2 /G and TiO2 /GO nanocomposites, and the different characterization techniques used to study TiO2 /G and TiO2 /GO nanocomposites. Some applications of the use of TiO2 /G and TiO2 /GO nanocomposites in water decontamination are included.