The impact of exercise on mental health: a narrative review

Abstract

It has become increasingly clear that exercise not only improves physical health but also significantly affects mental well-being, presenting a non-pharmaceutical approach to manage various psychological conditions. This narrative review summarizes studies from the literature to understand the effects of exercise on mental health, particularly in depression, anxiety, and global psychological well-being. Results indicate that regular physical activity, including aerobic and resistance exercises, reduces depression and anxiety symptoms, improves mood, and enhances cognitive abilities. Theoretical models, such as the endorphin hypothesis and neurogenesis hypothesis, explain these benefits through mechanisms including endorphin release, reduced stress hormones, improved sleep, and neurogenesis. Evidence suggests that structured exercise programs can match the effectiveness of psychotherapy or medication with fewer adverse effects. The benefits of regular exercise have garnered attention from professionals, physicians, and policymakers, highlighting the necessity of incorporating exercise plans into mental health clinical practice. Additionally, this review advocates for more specific and personalized exercise interventions tailored to individual characteristics and preferences. It also aims to inform health and research agendas by specifying the optimal exercise type and intensity for eliciting desired benefits, and evaluating the potential for exercise interventions to sustain long-term psychological well-being.