Tail probabilities of the maxima of multilinear forms and their applications

Abstract

Let Ζ be a k-way array consisting of independent standard normal variables. For column vectors h1,⋯,hk, define a multilinear form of degree k by (h1⊗⋯⊗hk)′vec(Ζ). We derive formulas for upper tail probabilities of the maximum of a multilinear form with respect to the hi's under the condition that the hi's are unit vectors, and of its standardized statistic obtained by dividing by the norm of Ζ. We also give formulas for the maximum of a symmetric multilinear form (h1⊗⋯⊗hk)′vec(sym(Ζ)), where sym(Ζ) denotes the symmetrization of Ζ with respect to indices. These classes of statistics are used for testing hypotheses in the analysis of variance of multiway layout data and for testing multivariate normality. In order to derive the tail probabilities we employ a geometric approach developed by Hotelling, Weyl and Sun. Upper and lower bounds for the tail probabilities are given by reexamining Sun's results. Some numerical examples are given to illustrate the practical usefulness of the obtained formulas, including the upper and lower bounds.