Proenkephalin A as a marker for glomerular filtration rate in critically ill children: Validation against gold standard iohexol GFR measurements

Abstract

Objectives: Accurate determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is important. Several endogenous biomarkers exist for estimating GFR, yet, they have limited accuracy, especially in the paediatric population. Proenkephalin A 119-159 (PENK) is a novel and promising GFR marker, but its relation with age in children remains unknown. Also, the value of PENK has never been validated against measured GFR (mGFR) in children when compared to traditional GFR markers including serum creatinine (SCr), SCr-based estimated GFR (eGFR) and cystatin C (cysC). Methods: Critically ill children and term-born neonates were included in this single-centre, prospective study. Iohexol-based mGFR, SCr, and cysC were determined in each patient. eGFR was calculated using the bedside Schwartz equation, incorporating SCr and height. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the correlation between mGFR and PENK, SCr, cysC and eGFR. Results: For 97 patients (56 children and 41 neonates), mGFR, SCr, cysC and PENK levels were available. PENK levels were higher in young children and decreased to adult PENK reference values around two years of age. PENK levels were highly correlated with mGFR (ρ=-0.88, p<0.001), and similar to mGFR-eGFR correlation (ρ=-0.87, p<0.001). For cysC and SCr the correlation with mGFR was lower (ρ=-0.77 and ρ=-0.46, respectively. Both p<0.001). Conclusions: The correlation of PENK with mGFR was as good as SCr-based eGFR-mGFR correlation. To determine the added value of PENK in paediatric clinical care and prior to implementation, PENK reference values are needed and the development and validation of a paediatric PENK-based eGFR equation is necessary.