Production of essential/fragrance oil from pineapple peel extract for direct perfume formulation to enhance efficient waste management

Abstract

Sustainable and effective waste management is an enormous task all over the globe especially in developing countries like Nigeria. And poor waste management basically is termed to be the second most troublesome issue affecting developing countries after portable water. Therefore, pineapple peel which is a solid waste was employed for the production of essential/fragrance oil using soxhlet extraction method and the oil extract were further used for perfume formulation with the application of n-Hexane as the solvent media. At the temperature of “65 °C” and “150 minutes”, the maximum oil yields obtained during extractions were “1.96%” and “1.97%” respectively. The quality and strength of the perfume obtained after formulation falls in the ranges of “15 to 20%” fragrance concentration of Eau de Parfume that can last 4 to 5 hours. Some major physiochemical parameters of the pineapple peel such as pH, API and acid values recorded 3.79, 27.476 and 2.946 mg KOH/g respectively. Other parameters were density and specific gravity also have 0.8765 and 0.8875 @ 20 ᵒC indicating lightness above water, but the viscosity was 0.757 kg/L which was higher than the viscosity of water. Also, refractive and ester index were 9.35 and 6.404 respectively.