The role for ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring in the diagnosis and prognostication of Brugada syndrome: a sub-study of the Rare Arrhythmia Syndrome Evaluation (RASE) Brugada study

Abstract

Aims Brugada syndrome (BrS) diagnosis and risk stratification rely on the presence of a spontaneous type 1 (spT1) electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern; however, its spontaneous fluctuations may lead to misdiagnosis and risk underestimation. This study aims to assess the role for repeat high precordial lead (HPL) resting and ambulatory ECG monitoring in identifying a spT1, and evaluate its prognostic role. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Methods HPL resting and ambulatory monitoring ECGs of BrS subjects were reviewed retrospectively, and the presence of a spT1 and results associated with ventricular dysrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Three-hundred and fifty-eight subjects (77 with spT1 pattern at presentation, Group 1, and 281 without, Group 2) were included. In total, 1651 resting HPL resting and 621 ambulatory monitoring ECGs were available for review, or adequately described. Over a median follow-up of 72 months (interquartile range - IQR - 75), 42/77 (55%) subjects in Group 1 showed a spT1 in at least one ECG. In Group 2, 36/ 281 subjects (13%) had a newly detected spT1 (1.9 per 100 person-year) and 23 on an HPL ambulatory recording (8%). Seven previously asymptomatic subjects, five of whom had a spT1 (four at presentation and one at follow-up), experienced arrhythmic events; survival analysis indicated that a spT1, either at presentation or during lifetime, was associated with events. Univariate models showed that a spT1 was consistently associated with increased risk [spT1 at presentation: hazard ratio (HR) 6.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4–28, P = 0.016; spT1 at follow-up: HR 3.1, 95% CI 1.3–7.2, P = 0.008]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion Repeated ECG evaluation and HPL ambulatory monitoring are vital in identifying transient spT1 Brugada pattern and its associated risk. Graphical Abstract Initial assessment:ECGsFollow-up: 12-lead monitoring ambulatory highandprecordialECGs ECG (median inRiskasymptomaticfor 73 arrhythmic months patients follow-up) eventsat initial assessment (n = 342): Group 1 spT1 vs. no spT1 ever (nspT1= 77) 1.15% HR per 6.3 annum 95% CI 1.4–28, P = 0.016 Consecutivesyndrome Brugada (nspT1= 36) 95%0.52%CI 1.3–7.2,HR per 3.1 annumP = 0.008 patients Group 2 (n = 358) No spT1 (n = 281) No spT1 ever 0.05% per annum (n = 245) The implications of high precordial 12-lead resting and ambulatory ECG monitoring for Brugada syndrome: the flow diagram indicates the patient cohort and selection according to the presence of a spontaneous type 1 (spT1) Brugada pattern on the ECG at initial assessment (Group 1) and then subsequently during follow-up with high precordial 12-lead resting and ambulatory ECG monitoring (Group 2). Arrhythmic event rates and hazard ratios (HRs) are given for asymptomatic patients from each group with a spT1 vs. never showing a spT1 at all.