Multiple-Network Alterations in Major Depressive Disorder With Gastrointestinal Symptoms at Rest Revealed by Global Functional Connectivity Analysis

Abstract

Objective: Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are prominent in major depressive disorder (MDD) and bring patients lots of complaints and troubles. We aimed to explore whether there were some distinctive brain image alterations in MDD with GI symptoms, which could be used to distinguish MDD with GI symptoms from those without GI symptoms and healthy controls (HCs). Methods: A total of 35 outpatients with GI symptoms, 17 outpatients without GI symptoms, and 28 HCs were recruited. All the participants were scanned by a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Imaging data were analyzed with the global functional connectivity (GFC) and support vector machine methods. Results: MDD with GI symptoms showed decreased GFC in the left superior medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) compared with MDD without GI symptoms. Compared with HCs, MDD with GI symptoms showed decreased GFC in the bilateral middle temporal pole (MTP) and left posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus (PCC/Pcu), and increased GFC in the right insula and bilateral thalamus. SVM analysis showed that an accuracy was 78.85% in differentiating MDD with GI symptoms from MDD without GI symptoms by using the GFC of the left superior MPFC. A combination of GFC of the left PCC/Pcu and bilateral MTP exhibited the highest accuracy (87.30%) in differentiating patients with MDD with GI symptoms from HCs. Conclusion: MDD with GI symptoms showed abnormal GFC in multiple networks, including the default mode network and cortico-limbic mood-regulating circuit. Using abnormal GFC might work well to discriminate MDD with GI symptoms from MDD without GI symptoms and HCs.