Cardiac implantable electronic device infections: Who is at greatest risk?

Abstract

Background Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections are associated with hospitalization, mortality, increased costs, and adverse outcomes. Objective Determine the burden of infections for CIEDs based on device type, associated comorbidities, and clinical characteristics over a 12-year period. Methods Utilizing data from the National Inpatient Sample database for cases from 2000 through 2012, we identified procedures for device-related infection (DRI) using International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes for CIED removal with diagnosis codes for device-related infection or systemic infection. Cases were categorized into 4 groups: single-chamber pacemaker, dual-chamber pacemaker, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) device, and intracardiac defibrillator (ICD). Results Of 4,144,683 device-related procedures, 85,203 (2.06%) were associated with DRI. From 2000 through 2012, procedures related to DRI increased from 1.45% to 3.41% (P