TIPOLOGI FAJAR DALAM FIKIH DAN SAINS: STUDI INTEGRATIF TENTANG FAJAR KIZIB DAN FAJAR SADIK

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis integrasi konsep fajar secara komparatif-interdisipliner, dilatarbelakangi ketidakselarasan kriteria fajar dalam fikih (berbasis deskripsi visual fajar kizib/sadik) dengan temuan astronomi modern (sudut matahari -18° hingga -20°), yang memicu polemik penentuan waktu subuh. Rumusan masalah mencakup: (1) Konsep fajar kizib dan sadik dalam literatur fikih; (2) Pemaknaan fajar dalam sains; (3) Titik temu dan perbedaan kedua perspektif. Metode menggunakan studi kepustakaan kualitatif (analisis kitab fikih klasik-kontemporer, jurnal astronomi dan data observasi lembaga falak) dengan pendekatan interdisipliner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (1) Fajar sadik (cahaya horizontal di ufuk timur) berkorelasi dengan astronomical twilight (-18°), sementara fajar kadzib terkait zoadical light (cahaya vertikal); (2) Kriteria -20° di Indonesia dipilih sebagai bentuk ihtiyath (kehati-hatian) akibat ketebalan atmosfer khatulistiwa dan validasi BRIN; (3) Integrasi memerlukan kolaborasi ulama, ahli falak dan saintis untuk menyelaraskan prinsip syar’i dengan presisi ilmiah. Kesimpulan menekankan sintesis otoritas fikih dan objektivitas sains melalui revisi jadwal ibadah berbasis data terbaru serta edukasi publik. Temuan berkontribusi pada resolusi polemik praktis dan pengembangan Ilmu Falak integratif.This study aims to analyze the integration of the dawn (fajar) concept through a comparative-interdisciplinary approach, driven by discrepancies between fiqh criteria (based on visual descriptions of fajar kazib (false dawn) and fajar sadik (true dawn)) and modern astronomical findings (solar angles of -18° to -20°), which have sparked debater over fajar prayer timing. Research questions addres: (1) The conceptualization of fajar kazib and sadik in classical-contemporary fiqh literature; (2) Scientific interpretations of dawn; (3) Convergences and divergences between these perspectives. Methods employ qualitative library research (analysis of fiqh texts, astronomy journals, and observational data from falak institutions) with an interdisciplinary framework. Results reveal: (1) Fajar sadik (horizontal light on the eastern horizon) correlates with astronomical twilight (-18°), while fajar kazib aligns with zodiacal light (vertical illumination); (2) Indonesia’s -20° criterion reflects a precautionary measure (ihtiyath) due to equatorial atmospheric density, validated by BRIN’s field observations; (3) Integration requires collaboration among scholars, astronomer, and scientists to harmonize jurisprudential principles with astronomical precision. Conclusion emphasizes synthesizing fiqh authority and scientific objectivity through updated prayer schedules and public education, resolving practical disputes and advancing integrative Ilmu Falak (astronomical science) studies.