Advances in biogenic nanoparticles and the mechanisms of antimicrobial effects

Abstract

Innovations in the nanotechnological arena have paved a path leading to nano-revolution, which has most recently unfurled the role of plants in the biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles. Though synthesis of nanoparticles can be accomplished through physical and chemical techniques, biological course of synthesis has proficiently proved competent over other techniques. The problem of evolving multidrug resistant bacteria, due to irrational use of antibiotics, makes the biogenically synthesized nanoparticles attractive, due to their promising efficacy with negligible side effects. Consequently, the nanoparticles becoming better substitutes for conventional treatment besides overcoming all the limitations. Nanoparticles have great stability and potent antibacterial activity. The uniqueness lies in their size (10 and 500 nm) and dimension offers these particles to dynamically communicate with biomolecules on the cell surfaces and within the cells, so proficiently to decode and designate various biochemical and physiochemical properties of the cells. The present review aims to recapitulate various emerging efforts in the biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles, most significantly their unique mechanisms of action with different approaches as well as the factors that may add up to their antimicrobial activity.