Metastable Helium Reveals an Extended Atmosphere for the Gas Giant HAT-P-18b

Abstract

The metastable helium line at 1083 nm can be used to probe the extended upper atmospheres of close-in exoplanets and thus provide insight into their atmospheric mass loss, which is likely to be significant in sculpting their population. We used an ultra-narrow band filter centered on this line to observe two transits of the low-density gas giant HAT-P-18b, using the 200″ Hale Telescope at Palomar Observatory, and report the detection of its extended upper atmosphere. We constrain the excess absorption to be 0.46% ± 0.12% in our 0.635 nm bandpass, exceeding the transit depth from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) by 3.9 σ . If we fit this signal with a 1D Parker wind model, we find that it corresponds to an atmospheric mass loss rate between 8.3 − 1.9 + 2.8 × 10 − 5 M J Gyr −1 and 2.63 − 0.64 + 0.46 × 10 − 3 M J Gyr −1 for thermosphere temperatures ranging from 4000 K to 13,000 K, respectively. With a J magnitude of 10.8, this is the faintest system for which such a measurement has been made to date, demonstrating the effectiveness of this approach for surveying mass loss on a diverse sample of close-in gas giant planets.