Study on nutrition and physical activity in the child and youth population with type 1 diabetes in Galicia

Abstract

Introduction: type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disease whose proper nutritional and physical management can help prevent and manage complications. Objective: to assess the knowledge, influence, and behavior regarding eating habits and physical activity in children and adolescents with T1D, in relation to international guidelines, in order to identify areas for improvement. Methods: an electronic questionnaire was administered to 177 individuals aged 3 to 20 years during September and October 2023. The survey collected information on knowledge, influences, and behaviors related to diet and physical activity. Results: a total of 43.0 % consume vegetables daily, while 6.0 % never do. About 48.3 % eat fruits two or more times per day. A 6.0 % do not know how to count carbohydrates, and 15.0 % do not do so for every meal. To treat hypoglycemia, 62.0 % use juice or soft drinks, and 10.0 % rely on whatever food is available. Over 75.0 % reported modifying their dietary habits after diagnosis. Regarding physical activity, 51.0 % maintained their previous activity levels, and 22.0 % increased them. Identified barriers included a lack of knowledge about T1D and how to exercise properly. Conclusion: the results highlight the need for educational interventions targeting patients, families, and healthcare professionals to promote adherence to nutritional and physical activity recommendations, thereby improving disease control and preventing complications.