Photophysicochemical properties and photodynamic therapy activity of chloroindium(III) tetraarylporphyrins and their gold nanoparticle conjugates

Abstract

Novel chloroindium(III) complexes of tetra(4-methylthiophenyl)porphyrin (2a) and tetra- 2-thienylporphyrin (2b) dyes have been synthesized and characterized. The main goal of the project was to identify fully symmetric porphyrin dyes with Q-band regions that lie partially in the therapeutic window that are suitable for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT). 2a and 2b were found to have fluorescence quantum yield values ≤ 0.01 and moderately high singlet oxygen quantum yields (0.54-0.73) due to heavy atom effects associated with the sulfur and indium atoms. The dark toxicity and PDT activity against epithelial breast cancer cells (MCF-7) were investigated over a dose range of 3.0-40 µg. mL-1. The in vitro dark cytotoxicity of 2a is significantly lower than that of 2b at ≤ 40 µg. mL-1. 2a was conjugated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to form a nanoconjugate (2a-AuNPs), which exhibited a higher singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ) value and PDT activity than was observed for 2a alone. The results suggest that the AuNPs nanoconjugates of readily synthesized fully symmetric porphyrin dyes are potentially suitable for PDT applications, if meso-aryl substituents that provide scope for nanoparticle conjugation can be introduced that shift the Q bands into the therapeutic window.