What's in a norm? Foucault's conceptualisation and genealogy of the norm

Abstract

In this article I survey Foucault's remarks on norms and normalisation from across his oeuvre, with a view to reconstructing his genealogy of norms, leaning at points - following Foucault himself - on Georges Canguilhem's seminal work on the topic. I also survey in tandem the existing secondary scholarship on this question, maintaining - pace other scholars - that Foucault's position has not been adequately explicated despite sophisticated attempts. I argue that Foucault's idiosyncratic conception of the norm, overlooked or misunderstood by other readers, is consistently of an ideal model guiding human action in any particular sphere. This concept is a relatively modern one that may be contrasted to the older form of restricting human behaviour according to binary discriminations that may be called 'laws' or 'rules'. Foucault traces the form of the norm specifically to medieval processes for dealing with the plague, which later become highly generalised and diffused to produce a normalising society. I conclude with a more speculative discussion of how this society of the norm continues to utilise binarising rules, arguing that norms are typically used in order to ground binarising condemnations of abnormal cases, but that the nebulousness of norms ultimately allows any particular case to be condemned by such standards.