Paratesticular lesions: Aetiology and appearances on ultrasound

Abstract

Background: Ultrasound (US) is the primary modality for the investigation of scrotal pathology, including both intra- and paratesticular abnormalities. Objective: To describe the abnormalities of the paratesticular space. Materials/Methods: The paratesticular space contains the epididymis, spermatic cord and the tunica vaginalis cavity and is affected by a variety of inflammatory or tumoral entities. Differential diagnosis based on US criteria is frequently problematic, as the findings are non-specific. Results: Some general rules apply: (i) unlike testicular lesions, extra-testicular entities are usually benign in the adult, (ii) the first steps to accurate diagnosis include careful localization of the lesion and assessment of its consistency (solid or cystic) and (iii) magnetic resonance imaging can be useful for further tissue characterization of lesions suspected to contain fat, but surgical biopsy will often provide the definite diagnosis. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has been applied with limited experience indicating a narrow role, primarily for the differential diagnosis of echogenic cystic entities and the delineation of a necrotic abscess from a solid neoplasm. Discussion: The various abnormalities are discussed and illustrated. Conclusion: This manuscript summarizes the literature on paratesticular lesions and the value of US in diagnosis.