The Nexus Between Climate Change and Livelihoods in Arid and Semi-Arid (ASAL) Areas of Kenya: Evidence from the Literature

Abstract

This study explored the complex relationship between climate change and livelihoods in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) of Kenya, utilizing a comprehensive literature review to understand the multifaceted impacts of climate variability and change on these regions. ASAL areas covered approximately 89% of Kenya's land area and were home to about 36% of the population, who primarily depended on pastoralism and small-scale rain-fed agriculture for their livelihoods. The harsh climatic conditions characterized by low and erratic rainfall, high temperatures and frequent droughts exacerbated the vulnerability of these communities. The study used the literature rev8iew methodology to obtain the requisite information on the subject. The literature review method involved systematically searching, analyzing and synthesizing existing research and scholarly articles, focusing on the impacts of climate change, adaptive strategies and the role of policy in supporting resilience. The findings indicated significant variations in temperature and rainfall patterns in the area under discussion, leading to water scarcity, reduced agricultural productivity and increased food insecurity. Pastoralism, being the dominant livelihood source, faced challenges such as reduced pasture availability and increased livestock mortality. Small-scale farming was similarly affected by soil degradation, water scarcity and pest infestations, further limiting agricultural productivity. The study underscored the importance of integrating indigenous knowledge with modern practices to enhance resilience, highlighting the need for policies that promoted such integration and provided necessary training and resources to local communities. Effective implementation of climate policies required strengthening institutional capacities, ensuring adequate funding, and involving local communities in policy development. Additionally, international support needed to be streamlined to ensure easy access for ASAL communities, with simplified procedures and increased transparency enhancing the impact of international funding and technical assistance. This comprehensive approach to the study of this subject was considered important for achieving sustainable livelihoods and socio-economic development in Kenya's ASAL regions.