Optimization of carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) from cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) shells using respond surface methodology

Abstract

Cacao shells as by-product in cacao industry contained cellulose that is not dissolved in water, so its limited application in industry, especially in the food industry. Cellulose could be synthesized being carboxymethyl cellulose that be applied as hydrocolloid. The objective of this study was optimization of carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) resulted in degree of substitution (DS) according to respond surface methodology (RSM) design. The effect of various additional sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium monochloroacetate (Na MCA), and temperature that produced from cacao shells. The optimized respond using RSM was degree of substitution (DS). Result showed that more increase of DS, more increase of NaOH, Na MCA, and temperature. The experimental value of CMC was recommended to conduct in addition 12.84% NaOH, addition 4.9 g Na MCA, and temperature 53.94° C, with 1 of desirability value. The DS value of the optimum condition had 0.79, while the DS value of verification had 0.83. Additionally, the optimum condition characterization revealed that the degree of substitution, moisture, purity, solubility, and pH were 0.79, 12.43%, 85.06%, 71.83% db., and 6.74, respectively. The effectively synthesized of cellulose into CMC was confirmed by flourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The FTIR spectra of CMC of cacao shells presented significant differences in region 3001.24-3703.33 cm-1 and form 17822.23-1504.47 cm-1. The XRD of CMC of cacao shells revealed amorphous formed.