Sustainable Carbon Dots from Cellulose Precursors for Environmental Sensing: Recent Trends and Outlook

Abstract

Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as promising nanomaterials for optical sensing due to their outstanding photoluminescence, chemical stability, and biocompatibility. In recent years, the development of sustainable CDs derived from biomass—particularly cellulose—has attracted increasing interest as a green alternative to conventional synthetic routes. This review offers a comprehensive overview of recent advances in synthesis, functionalization, and application of cellulose-based carbon dots for environmental sensing. We examine key synthetic approaches—including hydrothermal, microwave-assisted, and pyrolytic methods—and discuss how the structure and origin of cellulose influence the physicochemical properties of the resulting CDs. The mechanisms underlying their sensing performance are analyzed in detail, with a focus on the detection of heavy metals, organic pollutants, and other environmental contaminants. Challenges related to reproducibility, scalability, and long-term stability are critically addressed. Finally, we outline future directions involving hybrid nanomaterials, real-time sensing platforms, and strategies aligned with circular economy principles. This review aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers in the fields of sustainable nanomaterials, green chemistry, and environmental sensor development.