Function and activation of NF-κB in the immune system

Abstract

NF-κB is a ubiquitous transcription factor. Nevertheless, its properties seem to be most extensively exploited in cells of the immune system. Among these properties are NF-κB's rapid posttranslational activation in response to many pathogenic signals, its direct participation in cytoplasmic/nuclear signaling, and its potency to activate transcription of a great variety of genes encoding immunologically relevant proteins. In vertebrates, five distinct DNA binding subunits are currently known which might extensively heterodimerize, thereby forming complexes with distinct transcriptional activity, DNA sequence specificity, and cell type- and cell stage-specific distribution. The activity of DNA binding NF-κB dimers is tightly controlled by accessory proteins called IκB subunits of which there are also five different species currently known in vertebrates. IκB proteins inhibit DNA binding and prevent nuclear uptake of NF-κB complexes. An exception is the Bcl-3 protein which in addition can function as a transcription activating subunit in the nucleus. Other IκB proteins are rather involved in terminating NF-κB's activity in the nucleus. The intracellular events that lead to the inactivation of IκB i.e. the activation of NF-κB, are complex. They involve phosphorylation and proteolytic reactions and seem to be controlled by the cells' redox status. Interference with the activation or activity of NF-κB may be beneficial in suppressing toxic/septic shock, graft-vs-host reactions, acute inflammatory reactions, acute phase response, and radiation damage. The inhibition of NF-κB activation by antioxidants and specific protease inhibitors may provide a pharmacological basis for interfering with these acute processes.