Energy and Nutrient Intake Status Among Indonesia Children Aged 1–5 Years With Different Dairy Food Consumption Patterns

Abstract

Objectives: Dairy foods are an important food source of energy and nutrients for young children. We hypothesized that the intakes of energy and nutrients would be different in children aged 1–5 years who consumed different types of dairy foods in Indonesia. Methods: In the current study, we analyzed dietary intake data of Indonesian children aged 1–5 years (n = 11,020) in the Survei Diet Total (SDT) survey conducted in 2014. First, energy and nutrient intakes of each child were estimated based on 1 day 24-hour dietary recall using Nutri-Survey software. Then we compared the energy and nutrient intakes of children who consumed different types of dairy foods. SDT 2014 classification approach of energy and protein intake status, and WHO estimated average requirements (EAR) were applied to defined inadequate intakes in this study. Results: We found that 57.3% of Indonesian children aged 1–5 years consumed dairy foods, with the highest percentages of consumption in 36–47m (82.6%) and the lowest in 48–60m (44.4%) children. The top 3 commonly consumed dairy foods were young children milk (YCM, 37.0%), condensed milk (12.3%) and cow's milk (6.9%). We then analyzed the nutrient intakes of all children, non-dairy consumers, YCM consumers, cow's milk consumers and condensed milk consumers separately. Over 50% of the children were inadequate in energy intake in this population, especially among non-dairy food consumers. In general, the micronutrient intake status was challenging, over 50% children had inadequate intakes of iron, calcium, zinc, vitamins A, D and Bs. Compared to dairy consumers, non-dairy consumers had lower intakes of many micronutrients across age groups. Among children across the age range who consumed different types of dairy foods, the percentages of children with inadequate intakes of iron, zinc, vitamins A, C and D were the lowest in YCM consumers. Conclusions: In this study we found that children who consumed dairy foods, especially YCM, had lower proportion of children below nutrient intake recommendations compared to non-dairy consumers. Nutrition education and promotion of nutrient rich foods consumption, such as dairy, could improve the nutrient adequacy in Indonesian children aged 1–5 years. Funding Sources: This study is funded by Société des Produits Nestlé SA.