Positive and Negative Symptoms Are Associated with Distinct Effects on Predictive Saccades

Abstract

The predictive saccade task is a motor learning paradigm requiring saccades to track a visual target moving in a predictable pattern. Previous research has explored extensively anti-saccade deficits observed across psychosis, but less is known about predictive saccade-related mechanisms. The dataset analysed came from the studies of Crawford et al, published in 1995, where neurolep-tically medicated schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder patients were compared with non-medicated patients and control participants using a predictive saccade paradigm. The participant groups consisted of medicated schizophrenia patients (n = 40), non-medicated schizophrenia patients (n = 18), medicated bipolar disorder patients (n = 14), non-medicated bipolar disorder patients (n = 18), and controls (n = 31). The current analyses explore relationships between predictive sac-cades and symptomatology, and the potential interaction of medication. Analyses revealed that the schizophrenia and bipolar disorder diagnostic categories are indistinguishable in patterns of predictive control across several saccadic parameters, supporting a dimensional hypothesis. Once collapsed into predominantly high-/low-negative/positive symptoms, regardless of diagnosis, differences were revealed, with significant hypometria and lower gain in those with more negative symptoms. This illustrates how the presentation of the deficits is homogeneous across diagnosis, but heteroge-neous when surveyed by symptomatology; attesting that a diagnostic label is less informative than symptomatology when exploring predictive saccades.