The Public Acceptance of Power-to-X Technologies—Results from Environmental–Psychological Research Using a Representative German Sample

Abstract

Power-to-X (ptx) technologies are considered a promising solution for enabling the storage and sectoral integration of renewable energy, playing a vital role in the sustainable transition of industrialized energy systems. This study investigates the public acceptance of ptx technologies in Germany using a quantitative, environmental–psychological framework. Key influencing factors such as social and personal norms, environmental awareness, and openness to innovation are analyzed. A particular focus is placed on generational differences, comparing the perceptions of youth (16–25 years) and adults (>25 years) through a representative online survey. The results reveal a general lack of knowledge about ptx technologies yet a positive assessment of their decarbonization potential. Ecological impact—particularly the ability to reduce CO2 emissions—emerges as the strongest predictor of acceptance. This is closely tied to conditions such as the use of renewable electricity and sustainable sourcing of carbon and water. Notably, acceptance among youth is also influenced by environmental awareness, prior knowledge, and perceived behavioral control. The results show that, in general, there is still a need for improved science communication to address the existing uncertainties in the population. At the same time, age-specific approaches are required, as perceptions and acceptance factors differ significantly between younger and older age groups.