Inflammatory markers and suicidal behavior: A comprehensive review of emerging evidence

Abstract

Background: Suicidal behavior represents a significant public health challenge, and identifying biological markers associated with its risk is critical for prevention and intervention. Emerging evidence suggests a link between inflammation and suicidality, highlighting the role of inflammatory markers as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Methods: We conducted a systematic search across four electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and PsycINFO, to identify studies examining the association between inflammatory markers (e.g., C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and suicidal ideation or behavior. Results: 31 studies met the inclusion criteria. Elevated levels of inflammatory markers were consistently associated with an increased risk of suicidal behavior across diverse populations. This relationship’s mechanisms likely involve cytokine-mediated alterations in neurotransmitter systems, neuroplasticity, and stress response pathways. Though robust clinical trials are scarce, preliminary evidence suggests that anti-inflammatory interventions may reduce suicidality. Conclusions: Inflammation appears to play a significant role in the pathophysiology of suicidal behavior, offering promising avenues for biomarker development and novel therapeutic strategies. Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies, standardized methodologies, and exploration of personalized anti-inflammatory treatments to better elucidate the inflammation-suicidality link and enhance clinical applicability.