Metrological assessment of TDR performance for measurement of potassium concentration in soil solution

Abstract

Despite the growing use of the time domain reflectometry (TDR) technique to monitoring ions in the soil solution, there are few studies that provide insight into measurement error. To overcome this lack of information, a methodology, based on the central limit theorem error, was used to quantify the uncertainty associated with using the technique to estimate potassium ion concentration in two soil types. Mathematical models based on electrical conductivity and soil moisture derived from TDR readings were used to estimate potassium concentration, and the results were compared to potassium concentration determined by flame spectrophotometry. It was possible to correct for random and systematic errors associated with TDR readings, significantly increasing the accuracy of the potassium estimation methodology. However, a single TDR reading can lead to an error of up to ± 18.84 mg L-1K+in soil solution (0 to 3 dS m-1), with a 95.42% degree of confidence, for a loamy sand soil; and an error of up to ± 12.50 mg L-1of K+ (0 to 2.5 dS m-1) in soil solution, with a 95.06% degree of confidence, for a sandy clay soil.