Association between obesity and mortality in the Costa Rican elderly: a cohort study

Abstract

Background: Costa Rica, along with other Latin American countries, is undergoing population aging, with an increase in the prevalence of chronic conditions, many of them resulting from a growing prevalence of obesity. As a result of the demographic and epidemiological transitions, the causes of morbidity and mortality have changed from communicable to non-communicable diseases. An increase in overweight and obesity is hypothesized to be related to premature mortality. This study assesses the association between obesity and both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a Costa Rican elderly population. Methods: This is a secondary data analysis of the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES, for its Spanish acronym), a longitudinal nationally representative cohort study of health and life-course experiences of the Costa Rican elderly. A baseline (n = 2827) and two subsequent 2-year follow-up interviews were conducted. Data analyses include descriptive statistics and survival models. Cox and Gompertz distributions were used to model general mortality and cardiovascular mortality as a function of obesity and controlling for confounders. Anthropometric measures used were Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Circumference (WC). Results: Each one-unit increment in BMI was significantly associated to a 3,1% (p < 0.001) and 2,6% (p = 0.021) increment in general and cardiovascular mortality respectively. Each one-unit increment in WC was significantly associated with a 0,8% (p = 0.006) increment in general mortality, whereas WC was not significantly associated with cardiovascular mortality. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with mortality in the Costa Rican elderly. This association is strongest between obesity and all-cause mortality. As general obesity increases, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality also increase in this population. Similarly, as central obesity increases, all-cause mortality increases. Policies aimed at preventing obesity and chronic conditions are warranted for a better survival in this population.