An attempt to explain what intrinsically disordered TCF4 does in its spare time when PTHS-related mutations prevent it from doing its job

Abstract

Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome (PTHS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the TCF4 gene (18q21.2), encoding the transcription factor 4 (TCF4). This protein is critical for central nervous system development and neuronal maturation. Mutations in TCF4, which range from point mutations to large deletions, result in varying clinical severity, including intellectual disability (ID), motor impairments, and autistic features. Despite its rarity, PTHS has gained increasing attention due to advances in understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying TCF4 function. Recent research has enhanced diagnostic approaches, including genetic testing techniques like genome sequencing, enabling more accurate identification of the disorder. Despite the evident enhancement in the PTHS management from a medical standpoint, the molecular underpinnings of the disorder progression remain puzzling. This is particularly the case where the disease is caused by point mutations. This review summarizes the latest findings on TCF4 function in PTHS, discusses the variability in mutation effects, highlights current diagnostic and therapeutic advancements, and attempts to explain the molecular bases of mutated TCF4 malfunctionality.