Full-scale ornamental constructed wetlands for caffeine removal from rural wastewater and coffee-processing effluents

  • Monzón-Reyes B
  • López Méndez M
  • Vera-Puerto I
  • et al.
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Abstract

The coffee agroindustry is one of the main economic activities in rural communities of developing countries. However, its processing generates wastewater with high organic loads and emerging contaminants such as caffeine. In the absence of proper sanitation infrastructure, these discharges are often combined with municipal wastewater, increasing the risk of water pollution and threatening both environmental and community health. In this context, sustainable and low cost treatment alternatives are requerid to mitigate these impacts, particularly in rural settings. This study evaluated the performance of a full-scale hybrid system consisting of a settler tank followed by constructed wetland cells (SF-CW and SSF-CW) planted with ornamental species (Eichhornia crassipes, Alocasia odora, Hedychium coronarium, Heliconia psittacorum and Zantedeschia aethiopica). Monitoring was carried out from February to July 2024, including caffeine analysis by UV-Vis spectrophotometry during both the coffee harvesting and processing season and periods when only rural domestic wastewater was treated. The system achieved an average caffeine removal efficiency of over 99% during the coffee processing season. The ornamental plants adapted well to the operational conditions, showing high resilience and stable growth, as well as potential ornamental and commercial value. This work provides full-scale operational evidence of the potential of ornamental constructed wetlands as a practical and replicable solution for treating rural wastewater mixed with coffee-processing effluents, while simultaneously delivering environmental protection, social benefits, and local economical opportunities for rural communities.La agroindustria del café representa una de las principales actividades económicas en comunidades rurales de países en desarrollo; sin embargo, su procesamiento genera aguas residuales con alta carga orgánica y compuestos emergentes como la cafeína. En ausencia de infraestructura de saneamiento, estas descargas suelen mezclarse con las aguas residuales municipales, incrementando el riesgo de contaminación de cuerpos de agua y comprometiendo la salud ambiental y social de las comunidades. Frente a este panorama, es fundamental explorar alternativas sostenibles y de bajo costo como los humedales construidos ornamentales. El presente estudio evaluó el desempeño de un sistema híbrido a escala real conformado por un tanque sedimentador y celdas de humedales (HC-FS y HC-FSS) sembradas con especies ornamentales (Eichhornia crassipes, Alocasia odora, Hedychium coronarium, Heliconia psittacorum y Zantedeschia aethiopica). El monitoreo de febrero a julio de 2024 incluyó la determinación de cafeína mediante espectrofotometría UV-Visible en temporada de cosecha y procesamiento de café y en temporada donde solo se registraron aguas residuales rurales.  El sistema alcanzó una eficiencia promedio de eliminación superior al 99 % en la temporada de cosecha y procesamiento de café. Las especies ornamentales se adaptaron favorablemente, demostrando potencial ornamental y comercial. Este trabajo aporta evidencia a escala real del potencial de los humedales construidos ornamentales como una solución práctica y replicable para tratar aguas residuales rurales mezcladas con efluentes del café, al tiempo que promueven beneficios ambientales, sociales y económicos para las comunidades rurales.

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APA

Monzón-Reyes, B. L., López Méndez, M. C., Vera-Puerto, I., Sandoval-Herazo, M., & Sandoval-Herazo, L. C. (2026). Full-scale ornamental constructed wetlands for caffeine removal from rural wastewater and coffee-processing effluents. Renewable Energy, Biomass & Sustainability, 8(1), 54–62. https://doi.org/10.56845/rebs.v8i1.668

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