Ganoderma lucidum—From Ancient Remedies to Modern Applications: Chemistry, Benefits, and Safety

Abstract

Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), commonly known as Reishi or Lingzhi, is a medicinal mushroom with a rich history in traditional Asian medicine. This review examines diverse bioactive components supporting therapeutic properties, including polysaccharides, triterpenoids, phenolic compounds, fatty acids, peptides and proteins, vitamins, minerals, and sterols. The mushroom offers numerous health benefits, including immunomodulation, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, liver protection, and anti-cancer activities. In addition, it shows potential in managing diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and viral infections. Advances in extraction technologies, such as ultrasound and microwave-assisted methods, have improved the bioavailability and efficacy of compounds. While G. lucidum is an excellent functional food and therapeutic agent it remains an unexploited source of nutrients. Further research is needed to optimize the industrial applications and evaluate the safety in specific populations.