Stool-Based Tests for Colorectal Cancer Screening: Performance Benchmarks Lead to High Expected Efficacy

Abstract

Purpose of Review: Participation goals for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in the USA have not been met. Non-invasive screening strategies may improve CRC screening participation. We highlight recent literature on stool-based screening performance and expectations for emerging non-invasive screening tests. Recent Findings: Stool-based CRC screening detects screen-relevant colorectal neoplasia and outperforms a currently available plasma assay. Though modestly sensitive for CRC, adherence to annual fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) is sub-optimal. Multi-target stool DNA (MT-sDNA) has greater adherence, superior sensitivity for screen-relevant lesions (including those in the proximal colon and sessile serrated architecture), and equivalent specificity to FIT over a 3-year period. Summary: Stool-based CRC screening tests are anticipated to reduce the incidence and mortality of CRC through detection of early-stage cancers and high-risk polyps. These endpoints in performance will need to be met by emerging blood sample–based tests in order have meaningful impact in clinical practice.