On the Use of Strategies for Programming Generalization During Functional Communication Training: A Review of the Literature

Abstract

We conducted a review of the literature pertaining to Functional Communication Training (FCT) and the principles and tactics for programming generalization. Ten studies of FCT and generalization were identified, analyzed, and summarized using the framework provided by Stokes and Osnes (Behavior Therapist 20:337-355, 1989) that detailed principles and tactics programming generalization. In addition to the tactic of recruiting natural consequences which is inherent to FCT, several studies evaluated additional strategies for programming generalization during FCT including modification of maladaptive consequences, reinforcement of occurrences of generalization, training sufficient stimulus exemplars, programming common physical stimuli, and programming common social stimuli. The results of these studies suggest that a) FCT and the tactic of recruiting natural consequences is sometimes sufficient to produce generalization but not in every case, and b) generalization of the treatment effects of FCT can be enhanced through the use of specific tactics for programming generalization. Overall, the results of this review suggest that a relatively small number of studies of FCT have systematically evaluated generalization. Thus, future research should continue to evaluate specific strategies for programming generalization with FCT. This includes combining procedures such as recruiting natural consequences with other strategies outlined by Stokes and Osnes. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York.