Circadian clock regulation of pH in the rabbit retina

Abstract

Although it is generally accepted that the acid-base ratio of tissue, as represented by the pH, is strictly regulated to maintain normal function, recent studies in the mammalian nervous system have shown that neuronal activity can result in significant shifts in pH. In the mammalian retina, many cellular phenomena, including neuronal activity, are regulated by a circadian clock. We thus investigated whether a clock regulates retinal pH, using pH-sensitive microelectrodes to measure the extracellular pH (pHo) of the in vitro rabbit retina in the subjective day and night, that is, under conditions of constant darkness. These measurements demonstrated that a circadian clock regulates the pHo of the rabbit retina so that the pHo is lower at night than in the day. This day/night difference in retinal pHo was observed when the rabbits were maintained on a normal light/dark cycle and after they were maintained on a light/dark cycle that was phase-delayed by 9 hr. Continuous recordings of retinal pHo around subjective dusk indicated that the change from daytime to nighttime pHo is relatively fast and suggested that the clock that regulates pHo is located in the retina. The lowest pHo recorded in the retina in both the day and night was in the vicinity of the inner segments of photoreceptor cells, supporting the idea that photoreceptors serve as the primary source of protons. The circadian-induced shift in pHo was several times greater than light-induced pHo changes. These findings suggest that a circadian clock in the mammalian retina regulates retinal pH.