Impacts of wood species and moisture content on emissions from residential wood heaters

Abstract

Homeowners burn wood of a wide range of species and moisture content (MC) in residential cordwood and pellet stoves. An effective emission certification test protocol must account for and accurately measure the impact of those variables in order to ensure a reasonable correlation between laboratory results and in-use emissions and to promote the design and manufacture of cleaner burning appliances. This study explored the effect of wood species and MC on emissions and efficiency in four cordwood and four pellet stoves. PM emissions were consistently lower with pellets manufactured from softwood than for hardwood species and were highly correlated with ash content. Higher MC oak fuel substantially increased PM emissions in a non-catalytic cordwood stove; however, a hybrid cordwood stove was able to meet federal emissions limits even with the higher MC fuel. The results of this study, in combination with previous research, suggest that certification tests that use softwood fuel likely report lower emissions than tests that use hardwood. Requiring hardwood and higher MC cordwood fuel in certification tests would enable the assessment of an appliance’s ability to operate well even when fuel conditions are not optimized. Implications: The emission testing results reported in this paper call into question the adequacy of the fuel moisture content and fuel species specifications in testing protocols approved for certifying compliance with EPA’s New Source Performance Standards for cordwood and pellet stoves. We recommend changes in those specifications, including the prohibition of testing with Douglas fir and other low ash softwood species, requiring the use of cordwood test fuel with a higher moisture content, and requiring pellet stoves to be tested using hardwood pellets. Adoption of these measures would increase the replicability of tests. allow for the identification of stoves that are unlikely to perform well in the field when fuel conditions are not ideal, and, ultimately, result in the design of cleaner burning stoves.