Reading without eye movements: Improving reading comprehension in young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Abstract

Objectives: In ADHD a common obstacle of academic success is impaired reading comprehension. Impaired comprehension in ADHD is accompanied by altered eye movements during reading as well as more general eye movement deficits associated with non-verbal stimuli. This suggests that the reading deficits do not cause the eye movement impairment. Instead, eye movements might contribute to reading comprehension difficulties. Methods: We tested whether minimizing the need for eye movements during reading aids comprehension. We measured reading comprehension in a sample of undergraduate students with and without ADHD. Students read short paragraphs using normal text reading with all words fully visible (FULL), PACED reading that preserved text layout with one word at a time appearing at its usual location in the text, and reading with minimal eye movements in which one word at a time appeared in the center of the screen in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). Results: ADHD participants performed better in the RSVP condition relative to the other two reading conditions that required eye movements, and they benefited from the RSVP condition requiring minimal eye movements by almost 13% relative to neurotypical controls, who showed comprehension difficulties using the RSVP mode. Conclusions: Minimizing eye movement boosted reading comprehension in the ADHD suggesting that eye movements are implicated in reading processes in ADHD, an interference that can be avoided in the RSVP reading condition. Future work should explore the possibility of RSVP as a reading aid in ADHD adults and potentially school-aged children.