Why fragmentation can be bad for restoration: a reply to Riva et al. (2025)

Abstract

We thank Riva et al. (2025) for engaging with our work and emphasizing the critical need to address habitat fragmentation in restoration contexts to avoid perpetuating confusion about its effects. Restoration focuses on supporting remnant populations and enabling their expansion into restored patches at both patch- and landscape scales. Success depends on natural processes like colonization and establishment, which can be accelerated through targeted interventions at appropriate spatial scales. We respond to four points raised by Riva et al. (2025), discuss the relevance of patch-scale evidence, comment on their illustrative landscapes, and propose shared priorities for advancing restoration ecology.