Neuroinflammation and amyloid-beta 40 are associated with reduced serotonin transporter (SERT) activity in a transgenic model of familial Alzheimer's disease

Abstract

Background: Discrepant and often contradictory results have accumulated regarding the antidepressant and pro-cognitive effects of serotonin transporter (SERT) antagonists in Alzheimer's disease. Methods: To address the discrepancy, we measured the activity and density of SERT in the neocortex of 3-24-month-old APP swe /PS1 dE9 and wild-type littermate mice, by using [3H]DASB autoradiography and the [3H]5-HT uptake assay. Levels of soluble amyloid-β (Aβ), and pro-inflammatory cytokines that can regulate SERT function, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), were measured in parallel. Neuroinflammation in aging APP swe /PS1 dE9 mice was further evaluated by [3H]PK11195 autoradiography. Results: Decreased SERT density was observed in the parietal and frontal cortex of 18-24-month-old APP swe /PS1 dE9 mice, compared to age-matched, wild-type animals. The maximal velocity uptake rate (V max) of [3H]5-HT was reduced in neocortical preparations from 20-month-old transgenic vs. wild-type mice. The reduction was observed when the proportion of soluble Aβ40 in the Aβ40/42 ratio increased in the aged transgenic brain. At concentrations compatible with those measured in 20-month-old APP swe /PS1 dE9 mice, synthetic human Aβ40, but not Aβ42, reduced the baseline V max of [3H]5-HT by ~ 20%. Neuroinflammation in APP swe /PS1 dE9 vs. wild-type mice was evidenced by elevated [3H]PK11195 binding levels and increased concentration of IL-1β protein, which preceded the reductions in neocortical SERT density and activity. Age-induced increases in the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF were observed in both transgenic and wild-type animals. Conclusions: The progression of cerebral amyloidosis is associated with neuroinflammation and decreased presynaptic markers of serotonergic integrity and activity. The Aβ40-induced reduction in the uptake kinetics of [3H]5-HT suggests that the activity of SERT, and potentially the effects of SERT antagonism, depend on the levels of interstitial Aβ40.