A Review of Innovations, Challenges, and Future Directions in Structural Health Monitoring Using Smart Materials

Abstract

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) protects and extends the structure's lifespan. This review consolidates recent developments in SHM technologies and methods, emphasizing key advancements while pinpointing ongoing research challenges. We examine more than 130 studies, highlighting advancements in sensor technologies, including vibration sensors, fiber optics, piezoelectric transducers, and wireless networks. These technologies have been effectively applied across aerospace, civil, and mechanical engineering domains. Despite significant progress, challenges persist in integrating machine learning (M.L) and deep learning (D.L) for improved Structural assessment, managing large datasets, validating sensor reliability, and mitigating the effects of environmental factors on sensor performance. Although advancements have been made, there remains a significant gap in research focusing on SHM for timber structures, heritage buildings, and agricultural infrastructure. Additionally, optimizing sensor placement and developing robust multi-sensor approaches are critical areas needing further exploration. Standardizing SHM protocols and incorporating emerging technologies into comprehensive frameworks are essential for advancing the field. This analysis offers a comprehensive overview of the current status of SHM research, pinpoints crucial shortcomings, and proposes avenues for further investigation. Filling these voids will enable the creation of more efficient and dependable Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems, thereby enhancing the safety and durability of infrastructure globally.