Breaking Performance Bottlenecks in Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells: A Synergistic Multiple Passivation Paradigm

Abstract

Wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells (WBG PSCs) have emerged as transformative photovoltaic technologies, achieving certified efficienciesexceeding 24.53% and enabling perovskite/silicon tandem cells with record-breaking 34.58% performance. Despite these advances, their commercialization remains constrained by intrinsic material instabilities—defect proliferation, interfacial energy mismatches, and halide segregation—that conventional single passivation strategies fail to address comprehensively. Recently, multiple passivation strategies have demonstrated unprecedented improvements in efficiency and operational stability by simultaneously targeting multiple degradation pathways, surpassing the limitations of isolated optimizations. This review systematically explores recent advances in defect passivation, energy-level alignment, and phase segregation suppression for WBG PSCs, with a focus on three synergistic dimensions of multiple passivation: (i) multifiled passivation (synergistic chemical/electrical/optical fields), (ii) multisite passivation (grain boundary/surface coordination), and (iii) multi-interface passivation (top/buried interface optimization). Multiple passivation strategies establish an efficient roadmap for advancing WBG PSCs. Future investigations should aim to develop theoretical frameworks to elucidate and balance competing versus cooperative passivation mechanisms, ultimately optimizing synergistic effects to approach the Shockley–Queisser efficiency limit.