Postpartum hemorrhage management and nursing care interventions: An updated review

Abstract

Background: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a leading cause of maternal mortality globally, contributing to approximately 27.1% of maternal deaths. The primary cause of PPH is uterine atony, characterized by the failure of the uterus to contract after childbirth. Despite active management strategies like exogenous oxytocin administration, PPH rates have not significantly decreased, and there is growing evidence suggesting adverse effects from medical interventions such as oxytocin. Alternative methods like skin-to-skin contact (SSC) and early breastfeeding have emerged as promising preventive measures. Aim: The aim of this review is to examine the role of SSC and early breastfeeding in preventing PPH, focusing on their effects on the duration of the third stage of labor, postpartum blood loss, and the underlying physiological mechanisms. Methods: This updated review synthesizes evidence from numerous studies on PPH prevention, with a particular emphasis on physiological management strategies. We explore the impact of SSC and early breastfeeding on uterine contraction and oxytocin production, as well as their role in mitigating blood loss during the third stage of labor. Results: Evidence suggests that SSC and early breastfeeding stimulate endogenous oxytocin production, facilitating uterine contraction and potentially reducing PPH.