Severe lipodystrophy and gynecomastia in a male patient on lopinavir-based second-line antiretroviral therapy

Abstract

With the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy, there has been a dramatic improvement in the clinical course of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome. However, the favorable virological, immunological, and clinical profile of highly active antiretroviral therapy comes at the cost of some common and, at times, severe metabolic adverse effects such as dyslipidemia, body fat dysregulation/lipodys-trophy, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus. We describe a case of a male patient from North India who developed similar adverse effects including gynecomastia while on the protease inhibitor lopinavir; the mention of such case is rare in the existing literature.