Ringlike late gadolinium enhancement provides incremental prognostic value in non-classical arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy

Abstract

Background: The 2019 arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) risk model has proved insufficient in the capability of predicting ventricular arrhythmia (VA) risk in non-classical arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM). Furthermore, the prognostic value of ringlike late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) of the left ventricle in non-classical ACM remains unknown. We aimed to assess the incremental value of ringlike LGE over the 2019 ARVC risk model in predicting sustained VA in patients with non-classical ACM. Methods: In this retrospective study, consecutive patients with non-classical ACM who underwent CMR from January 2011 to January 2022 were included. The pattern of LGE was categorized as no, non-ringlike, and ringlike LGE. The primary outcome was defined as the occurrence of sustained VA. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the impact of LGE patterns on sustained VA and area under curve (AUC) was calculated for the incremental value of ringlike LGE. Results: A total of 73 patients were collected in the final cohort (mean age, 39.3 ± 14.4 years, 51 male), of whom 10 (13.7%) had no LGE, 33 (45.2%) had non-ringlike LGE, and 30 (41.1%) had ringlike LGE. There was no statistically significant difference in the 5-year risk score among the three groups (P = 0.190). During a median follow-up of 34 (13–56) months, 34 (46.6%) patients experienced sustained VA, including 1 (10.0%), 13 (39.4%) and 20 (66.7%) of patients with no, non-ringlike and ringlike LGE, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, ringlike LGE remained independently associated with the presence of sustained VA (adjusted hazard ratio: 6.91, 95% confidence intervals: 1.89–54.60; P = 0.036). Adding ringlike LGE to the 2019 ARVC risk model showed significantly incremental prognostic value for sustained VA (AUC: 0.80 vs. 0.67; P = 0.024). Conclusion: Ringlike LGE provides independent and incremental prognostic value over the 2019 ARVC risk model in patients with non-classical ACM.